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三、内容明晰
句子不论长短，不论结构简单还是复杂，内容都必须明晰。影响句子清晰度的因素主要有：
1、用词不当
遣词用字必须准确，否则很可能会造成歧义。例：
模糊：We Chinese workers all enjoy public medical care.
清楚：We Chinese workers all enjoy free medical care.
汉语中的“公费医疗”不能用public medical care来表示，因为public意为“公有的、公共的”，这里所说的“公费医疗”实质上就是“免费医疗”。
2、代词指代不明
代词必须有所指，而且要指代清楚。请看下面的例子：
模糊：When we got to the factory, they all went out to give us a warm welcome.
清楚：When we got to the factory, the workers all went out to give us a warm welcome.
在口语中，代词you, they, it等常用来含糊地指代人和事，但在书面表达中，指代需要更确切一些。
模糊：Mrs Brown told Mrs White that her son was playing in her garden.
清楚：Mrs Brown told Mrs White, “Your son was playing in my garden.”
3、修饰语错置
原则上，修饰性词语应尽量贴近所修饰的词，否则就可能会造成含义不清或句意改变的情况。例：
模糊：I sat watching the boys playing football by the window.
清楚：I sat by the window watching the boys playing football.
“在窗子旁”不可能是孩子们踢球的地方。
模糊：He sent a radio to the shop that was out of order.
清楚：He sent a radio that was out of order to the shop.
“出毛病”的是收音机，而不是商店。
4、悬垂成分
悬垂成分是指与句子中任何词都没有明显关系的短语或分句。例：
To keep healthy , much exercise is important.
To keep healthy 的逻辑主语必须是人，故原句可改为To keep healthy , one should take much exercise.
5、主次不分
不同的思想放在不同的结构中，可以表示出它们相对的重要性。一般说来，重要的内容放在主句中表达，次要的内容放在从句或修饰语中表达；同等重要的内容则放在相同的结构中表达。主次不分，内容就会混乱。例：
模糊：When he suddenly picked up a stone and threw it at me, I was talking to him.
清楚：While I was talking to him, he suddenly picked up a stone and threw it at me.
原句中要重点说明的显然是“他突然捡起石块扔向我”，而不是“我在和他谈话”，故前者应放在主句中来表达。“捡起石块”与“扔向我”是两个连续发生的动作，应该说两者是同等重要的，故将它们放在了并列结构当中。
练习：改写下列句子，使句意清楚。
1. At the age of nine, Aqiao’s mother died.
2. The man felt worse when he was taken good care of in the hospital.
3. I tried to help him, but he refused（拒绝）it.
4. He saw an old woman get on the bus, quickly standing up to offer her his seat.
5. We saw several parrots driving along the road.
参考答案：
1.改为When Aquiao was nine, her mother died.状语at the age of nine的逻辑主语按语法规则应为句子的主语Aqiao’s mother，而这显然是不合乎逻辑的。
2.改为The man felt worse though(even though) he was taken good care of in the hospital.如果错用连词也会使句意含混不清。
3.改为I offered him my help, but he refused it.原句中的it没有东西可以指代，在改后的句子中it指代my help。
4.改为Seeing an old woman get on the bus, he quickly stood up to offer her his seat.句子要表达的中心应该是“站起来让座”，“看到老妇人上车”只是起身让座的原因或时间。
5.改为Driving along the road, we saw several parrots.句中driving along the road不是宾语补足语，而是修饰动词saw的时间状语，将其前置，使其贴近谓语动词saw，便可消除歧义。 |
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英语学习 
书面表达中组词成句的原则与训练(三)
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