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二、结构完整
一个完整的句子是由至少包含一个主语和一个谓语的一组词构成的。结构不完整的情形通常有下列一些：
1、 错误省略
用词简洁是句子写作的一个基本原则，但是省略也得遵循一定的规则，不可随意省掉一些属于固定搭配或有助于理解句意的词。例：
错误：You’d better do it as were told.
正确：You’d better do it as told to.
原句中as从句系一个省略结构，补全后为as you were told to do it，这一结构的主谓部分在省略时应该主语和谓语同时省略，后面不定式若要省略必须保留不定式符号to。
2、断句
句子结构不完整，写出的句子常常只是一个不能独立存在的短语或从句。
断句：How we should cut off the electricity.
完整句：How should we cut off the electricity？
完整句：This is how we should cut off the electricity.
3、连写句
当两个或两个以上的独立句子被错误地用逗号隔开或根本就没有标点符号相连时，就形成了连写句。例如：
She cleaned the room, her mother prepared the supper.
改正这种句子可以根据句意采用以下四种方法中的一种或多种：
⑴中间用句号使各个句子独立。She cleaned the room. Her mother prepared the supper.
⑵如果两个句子意思联系紧密，也可用分号分开，分号后的句子以小写字母开头。She cleaned the room; her mother prepared the supper.
⑶两个句子若同等重要，可用并列连词and, but, for等连成并列句。并列连词前可以加上逗号，也可不加。She cleaned the room, and her mother prepared the supper.
⑷如果两个句子有一个比另一个地位更重要，则可以将次要的那个句子改为从句。When she cleaned the room, her mother prepared the supper.
值得一提的是however, therefore（因此），besides（再说）, now, then等连接性副词不能像and, but, for等连词那样单独连接两个完整的句子，必须借助于句号、逗号或分号来使句子完整。例如：
He said the story happened in Japan;however, he was wrong.
有的句子从语法结构上看是完整的，但从意义上说却是不完整的，如Guangzhou is one of the biggest cities. 这一句就最好加一个in China这样的状语来限定其范围。
句意不完整的另一种现象是一个主次分明的句子有了两个以上的中心。例如：I was walking in the park this afternoon, and saw a tiger.改正的方法主要是将其中的次要部分改为从句、修饰语或同位语。该句可以改为When I was walking in the park this afternoon, I saw a tiger.
练习：将下列句子改为结构完整或意义完整的句子。
1. While I was traveling in a city that I had never visited.
2. I like Mary as much as Jane.
3. “Will you come to the party, too?” “ I’d like, but I must finish my homework first.”
4. The hall is different from all other buildings, it is made of glass.
5. This is the best film.
参考答案：
1.改为I was traveling in a city that I had never visited.
原句主干部分是一个时间状语从句，后面的that从句是作为定语修饰city的，故原句是一个残缺句。
2.改为I like Mary as much as I like Jane. 或I like Mary as much as Jane does.
在含有比较结构的主从句中，若主句的谓语动词是及物动词，从句中要注意将意思交待清楚，不能随意省略。
3.原句在I’d like后省略了动词不定式，但按规则不定式符号to应予保留。
4.改为Being made of glass, the hall is different from all other buildings.
原句是一个连写句，两个独立的句子之间必须用句号或分号隔开，或者加上合适的连词，也可将其中一个意思次要的句子改为从句或修饰性短语。
5. 改为This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.
原句意义不完整，需要加上修饰语来限定其范围。 |
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英语学习 
书面表达中组词成句的原则与训练(二)
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