12.图画

 picture: The most general one.

 (彩图) painting: pictures with color.

 (绘画 图画) drawing: A picture made with a pen, pencil and crayon. Sketch, diagrams and graphs are all drawings.

 (草图) sketch: A rough not detailed drawing.

 (图解 图表) diagram: A drawing, figure that shows the arrangement of something.

 (曲线图) graph: A diagram in which a straight line, curved, or zigzag line shows how two sets of numbers or measurements are related.

 (插图) illustration: A picture to go with words of a book.

 (图样 草图) draft: The first rough written form of anything.  

 (平面图) plan: A line drawing of a building as it might been seen from above.

 (主视图) elevation: A flat upright side of a building.

 (海图) chart: A map esp. a detailed map of a sea area. 

13.特别

 (专门的,与众不同的) special: Different in some way from what is common, ordinary, or usual.

 It stresses having a quality, character, identity, or use of its own.

 The tube contains special gases.

 (特别的) especial: (fml) To an usually great degree, exceptional

 It emphasizes the importance of the things or the persons mentioned

 This is a matter of especial importance.

 (各别的) particular: Relating or belonging to only one thing or person.

 It stresses the distinctness of something as an individual which is worth notice. In that particular case, the rule doesn't hold.(适用)

 (特种的) specific: Detailed and exact, clear in meaning and explanation,  fixed, determined.(used in scientific articles)

 It implies a quality or character distinguishing a kind or a species.

 He gave me a very specific instruction. There is a specific tool for each job.

 (独特的) peculiar: Strange or perhaps unpleasant.

 It implies strangeness. He has a peculiar way of speaking.

14.取消 消灭

 (取消 解除) cancel: To give up, to declare something is to be effective.

 He has cancelled his leave of absence.(消假)

 (废除 废止) abolish: To do away with. It refers to practices, social institutions. Bad customs should be abolished.

 (消灭 排除) eliminate: To get rid of.

 We should eliminate the false and retain the true.

 (撤消 废除) repeal: To bring to an end of the effect of a law or an order. Some laws should be repealed.

 (根除 消灭) exterminate: To destroy completely and wholly.

 Colonialism must be exterminated.

15.破碎

 break: The most general one.

 (压碎 压破) crush: To press together violently as to break, to destroy its shape by squeezing it. It suggests the effect of great external pressure.

 The tree fell on top of the car and crushed it.

 (打碎) smash: To break thoroughly to pieces with a crushing sound.

 She dropped the plate and smashed it.

 (打裂) crack: To break without separation of parts.

 It suggests the breaking out across a surface.

 He cracked the window by leaning against it.

 (破裂)  burst: To break open by pressure from within.

 The fireworks burst while they were in the air.

 (砸碎 破碎) shatter: To break into pieces.

 It suggests the breaking up of a thin surface.

 The glass was shattered to pieces.

 (撞坏) crash: To refer to the vehicle which hits something and is badly damaged.

16.环境 形势

 (环境 形势) conditions: The location and other factors likely to

 affect it. It suggests something that has stayed the same for 

 some time and which affects daily life such as food, work, and houses.

 We are now studying the economic conditions in the developing countries.

 (形势) situation: A position or state at a particular time, set of conditions, facts, and events having an  effect on a person, society, etc.

 It suggests more general matters such as government planning and finance.

 The political situation in these countries are always changing.

 (环境 周围 外界) environment: The circumstances, things and conditions that influence you. It refers to spirit aspect, physical aspect and

 material aspect. We must try to beautify our environment.

 (形势 情况) circumstance(s): A situation or event around us, a certain  kind of atmosphere, the conditions that affect

 what happens. in (under) the circumstances

 (环境 周围事物) surrounding(s): The area and environment around a place or

 person. It indicates a very narrow condition, "physically" sometimes reflects spiritual aspect.

 They lived in hostile surroundings.

17.著名的

 well-known: (infl)

 famous: The most general one. widely known or honored.

 (杰出的 知名的) distinguished: Great, outstanding marked by excellent quality or deserved fame, used especially of people who are famous for serious work in science, the arts etc.

  He was a distinguished writer.

 (驰名的) celebrated: Famous, (substitute for renowned)

 It refers objectively to sb or something that has been give acclaim or honoured with awards or prizes. She was a celebrated actress.

  renowned: Highly honored and famous for something good. often refers to places or things, also It suggests something that has become legendary or is no longer available for an objective evaluation.

 Edison was renowned for his inventions.

 noted: Well-known and admired

 It often describes a more intellectual kind of effort and accomplishment indicating an authority  or expert or their theories. Maybe it is not widely

 known to the general public. He was a very noted expert.

 (臭名昭著) notorious: Famous for something bad.

 He is notorious for his crimes.

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