第1章 主谓一致
一.概念:
主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致.
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致.
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最*近它的词语
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数.例如:
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式.例如:
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要.
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词.例如:
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义.
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑.这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词.后面的职务用and 相连.这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B.
2. 主谓一致中的*近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致.例如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔,一把小刀和几本书.
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩.
2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致.如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致.例如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔,信封和纸.
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致.例如:
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂.
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船.
4. 谓语需用单数的情况
1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数.例如:
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机.
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了.
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书.
3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数.例如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备.
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了.
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定.例如:
All is right. 一切顺利.
All are present. 人都到齐了.
2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体.例如:
His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多.
His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者.
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式.例如:
Are there any police around 附近有警察吗
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数.例如:
A number of +名词复数+复数动词.
The number of +名词复数+单数动词.
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致.例如:
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动.
2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数.例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故.
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴.
3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.例如:
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书.
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市.
三.巩固练习
( ) 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was
C. was, were D. were, were
( ) 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played
C. are playing D. play
( ) 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
( ) 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems
C. seemed D. are seemed
( ) 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. has B. have
C. is having D. are having'
( ) 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
( )7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
( )8. When ______ the United Nations founded
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried
C. was tried D. were tried
( ) 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
( )11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
( )12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It's a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
( )13. No teacher and no student ______.
A. are admitted B. is admitted
C. are admitting D. is admitting
( )14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
( )15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
( ) 16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
( ) 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
( ) 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
( ) 19. —— ____ your clothes
——No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are
C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
( ) 20. The Smith's family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.
A. were, were B. was, was
C. were, was D. was, were
( ) 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.
A. are, are B. is, is
C. are, is D. is, are
( ) 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
( ) 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.
A. Each, are B. Both, is
C. Neither, are D. None, is
( ) 24. —— What do you think of the ______ of the coat
—— It's rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
( ) 25. —— Are the two answers correct
—— No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not
C. neither is D. either is not
( ) 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was
C. / D/ are
四.答案
1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B

第2章 动词的时态
概念:
时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.

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