第10章 形容词和副词
概念
形容词是用来修饰,描述名词或代词的词,主要用作定语,表语和补足语等.
副词是用来修饰动词,形容词,其化副词,介词短语或全句的词.
二.相关知识点精讲

1.形容词及其用法
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语,表语和补语.例如:hot.
2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词.这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰.大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类.例如:afraid 害怕的.
这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等.
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边.但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后.例如:something nice.
2.以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词.但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词.
改错: (错) She sang lovely.
(错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely.
(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等.例如:
The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊.
The Times is published weekly. 《时代周刊》每周发行一期.
3.用形容词表示类别和整体
1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等.例如:
The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望.
2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如the British,the English,the French,the Chinese等.例如:
The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感.
4. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质--类别--名词.例如:
a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词.
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao
---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
5.副词的位置
1) 在动词之前.
2) 在be动词,助动词之后.
3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后.
注意:
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡.例如:
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光.
b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾.例如:
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好.
6.副词的排列顺序:
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后.
2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接.例如:
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些
3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词.
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词.
改错:(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可.例如:
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
7.兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔细地".例如:
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上.
Watch him closely. 盯着他.
2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚";lately 意思是"最近".例如:
You have come too late. 你来得太晚了.
What have you been doing lately 近来好吗
3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地".例如:
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了.
4) high与highly
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much.例如:
The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高.
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理.
5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方".例如:
He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的.
English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用.
6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地".例如:
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放.
You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么.
8. 形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级,比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别.原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种.
1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级.
构成法
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est
busy
busier
busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est
clever/narrow
cleverer/ narrower
cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级
important/ easily
more important/ more easily
most important/ most easily
2) 不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good
better
best
well(健康的)
worse
worst
bad
ill(有病的)
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest

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